What is the difference between user-level threads and kernel-level threads?

One of the roles of a multitasking operating system kernel is scheduling: determining which thread of execution to execute when. So such a kernel has some notion of thread or process. A thread is a sequential piece of code that is executing, and has its own stack and sometimes other data. In an operating system context, people usually use process to mean a thread that has its own memory space, and thread to mean a thread that shares its memory space with other threads. A process can have one or more threads. Some operating systems, for example older unix systems, only provide processes: every thread that the kernel manages has its own memory space. Other operating systems, for example most modern unix systems, allow processes to contain multiple threads of execution: they provide a kernel-level notion of threads. It’s also possible for a process to manage its own threading. In cooperative multithreading, the code of each thread contains instructions to switch to another thread. In preemptive multithreading, the process requests periodic asynchronous notifications from the kernel, and reacts to these notifications by switching to a different thread. This way, multithreading is implemented with no kernel cooperation, at the user level, in a library. A system can offer both kernel-level and user-level threads; this is known as hybrid threading. User- and kernel-level threads each have their benefits and downsides. Switching between user-level threads is often faster, because it doesn’t require resetting memory protections to switch to the in-kernel scheduler and again to switch back to the process. This mostly matters for massively concurrent systems that use a large number of very short-lived threads, such as some high-level languages (Erlang in particular) and their green threads. User-level threads require less kernel support, which can make the kernel simpler. Kernel-level threads allow a thread to run while another thread in the same process is blocked in a system call; processes with user-level threads must take care not to make blocking system calls, as these block all the threads of the process. Kernel-level threads can run simultaneously on multiprocessor machines, which purely user-level threads cannot achieve.